Planetary Hours are an ancient technique from Hellenistic Astrology, used to determine the planetary ruler of the day and hour. The essential core of the concept is based on the Chaldean order of the planets, an ancient sequence still used today in the names of the weekdays across the world!
Some folks use Planetary Hours for planning their day in magickal way: self-care during Moon hours, beautification during Venus hours, exercise during Mars hours, studying or running errands during Mercury hours, planning during Saturn hours,etc. It's not about calling the energy down to you, but awakening it from within as an aspect of your psyche. Studying this map also puts us in touch with how the balance of light and dark shifts throughout the seasons.
Helena Woods has a composed a nice article/video on Planetary Days, which can be further applied to the Hours: How To Use Planetary Days To Live Each Day More Intentionally.
To calculate the planetary hours, we divide the day (from sunrise to sunset) into 12 equal parts. The same is done for the night. As the length of the day and night changes with the seasons, so does the proportions of the planetary hours.